Thomas Francis, Jr., MD

Born: July 15, 1900
Died: October 1, 1969

Major Contribution:

As director of the Poliomyelitis Vaccine Evaluation Center at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Dr. Francis designed, supervised and evaluated the field trials of the injected inactivated polio vaccine (1954) developed by Jonas Salk. He agreed to oversee the project only if an equal or larger number of children were injected with an inert solution and followed in the same manner. He also insisted on a policy of non-interference by the National Foundation of Infantile Paralysis (NFIP). On April 12, 1955, Francis announced to an expectant world that the Salk vaccine was “safe, effective, and potent.”

Other Information:

Brief Biography: Francis was born in 1900 in Gas City, Indiana. Having grown up in Western Pennsylvania, he graduated from Allegheny College (Meadville) in 1921. After graduation for Yale University School of Medicine (1925), he trained at the New Haven Hospital and later joined the Hospital of the Rockefeller Institute where he studied the influenza virus. In 1941, he accepted a position at the newly-established School of Public Health at the University of Michigan and developed a Department of Epidemiology. During this time, one of his postgraduate students was Jonas Salk. In 1953, he was asked to oversee the work of his former student.

He also was part of the US Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission and in his later years turned to the study of the epidemiology of chronic disease. He completed his distinguished career at the University of Michigan. He died in 1969.

Location of papers:
Bentley Historical Library
University of Michigan
1150 Beal Ave
Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2113
734-764-3482
734-936-1333 fax
Bentley.ref@umich.edu
Finding guide

Description of papers: The polio-related holdings at the Bentley Library contain extensive documentation on the administration and operation of the Polio Evaluation Center, including procedures, charts, data, reports, correspondence, meeting records, and statistics. Francis’ papers--both preceding and following the April 12, 1955 announcement of the safety and effectiveness of the Salk vaccine--contain considerable information regarding the development of the polio vaccine and its subsequent usage. Correspondents include David Bodian, John Enders, Basil O’Connor, and Jonas Salk.

view larger version

Thomas Francis, 1954. Courtesy of Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Alumni Association records, 1859-1998.

view larger version

With Basil O'Connor, 1954. Courtesy of Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Thomas Francis papers, 1917-1975.

view larger version

With Jonas Salk, 1955. Courtesy of Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, News and Information Services records.

Major Articles: Thomas Francis, Jr., MD

Publications by, about or in reference to Dr. Francis: Lambert, Sarah Marie, and Howard Markel. “Making History: Thomas Francis, Jr, MD, and the 1954 Salk Poliomyelitis Vaccine Field Trial.” Archives Of Pediatrics And Adolescent Medicine 154 (2000): 512-517.From Journal of Cell Biology, Rockefeller University Press. (*Asterisk denotes article is free of subscription fee.)

Epidemiological Studies in Influenza.* Thomas Francis, Jr. Am J Public Health, Mar 1937; 27: 211 – 225.

Etiological and Serological Studies in Epidemic Influenza.* Thomas Francis, Jr., T. P. Magill, E. R. Rickard, and M. Dorthy Beck. Am J Public Health, Nov 1937; 27: 1141 – 1160. The Virus: Life’s Enemy* Thomas Francis, Jr. Am J Public Health, Feb 1941; 31: 192 – 193.

Fundamentals of Immunology.* Thomas Francis, Jr. Am J Public Health, Jun 1943; 33: 748 – 749.

Immunity in Human Subjects Artificially Infected with Influenza Virus, Type B.*Thomas Francis, Jr, Harold E. Pearson, Jonas E. Salk, and Philip N. Brown. Am J Public Health, Apr 1944; 34: 317 – 334

Virus as Organism.* Thomas Francis, Jr. Am J Public Health, Feb 1946; 36: 188.

Report of the Study Committee on Influenza Vaccination (The Present Status of Vaccination Against Influenza).*Thomas Francis, Jr., Vlado A. Getting, Bettylee Hampil, George K. Hirst, James P. Leake, and Wilson G. Smillie. Am J Public Health, Sep 1947; 37: 1109 – 1112.

Research and Standards.* Thomas Francis, Jr. Am J Public Health, May 1948; 38: 50 – 53.

Laboratory Section: Diagnostic Procedures in Virus and Rickettsial Diseases.* Thomas Francis, Jr. Am J Public Health, May 1948; 38: 78.

Viral and Rickettsial Infections of Man.* Thomas Francis, Jr. Am J Public Health, May 1949; 39: 679 – 680. Research and Standards.*

Thomas Francis, Jr. Am J Public Health, May 1949; 39: 64 – 70.

Laboratory Section: Coördinating Committee on Standard Methods.*Friend Lee Mickle, Geoffrey Edsall, Thomas Francis, Jr., James Gibbard, Arthur Parker Hitchins, Harold W. Lyall, Walter L. Mallmann, Paul H. Moody, Ralph Muckenduss, Stuart H. Mudd, and Arthur H. Robertson. Am J Public Health, May 1948; 38: 75 – 77.

Research and Standards. * Thomas Francis, Jr. Am J Public Health, May 1950; 40: 66 – 76.

Plan for the Evaluation of Vaccination Against Influenza.* Thomas Francis, Jr. Am J Public Health, Aug 1951; 41: 62 – 68.

Research and Standards.* Thomas Francis, Jr. Am J Public Health, May 1951; 41: 63 – 69.

Influenza and Other Virus Infections of the Respiratory Tract.* Thomas Francis, Jr. Am J Public Health, Dec 1953; 43: 1592.

Principles of Animal Virology.*Thomas Francis, Jr. Am J Public Health, Jan 1956; 46: 107.

Symposium on Controlled Vaccine Field Trials: Poliomyelitis.* Thomas Francis, Jr. Am J Public Health, Mar 1957; 47: 283 – 287.

Letters to the Editor.* Thomas Francis, Jr. and Arnold S. Monto Am J Public Health, Apr 1969; 59: 589.

Prevalence Of Chronic Diseases And Distribution Of Selected Physiologic Variables In A Total Community, Tecumseh, Michigan. Am. J. Epidemiol., May 1965; 81: 307 – 322.

Inhibition of Vaccinial Hemagglutinins by Sera of Patients with Coronary Heart Disease and Other Chronic Illnesses.* Beverly Jean Neff, A.B., W. Wilbur Ackermann, Frederick H. Epstein, and Thomas Francis, Jr. Circ. Res., Jun 1962; 10: 836 – 845.

Panel Discussion on Genetic and Environmental Factors in Human Hypertension.* K. G. Kohlstaedt, M. Moser, T. Francis, Jr., J. Neel, And F. Moore. Circulation, Apr 1958; 17: 728 – 742.

Mobilization against Influenza. Thomas Francis, Jr. Science, Dec 1957; 126: 1267 – 1268.

Studies in Epidemiology: Selected Papers of Morris Greenberg. Thomas Francis, Jr. Fred B. Rogers, Ed. Putnam, New York, 1965. xxviii + 418 pp. Illus. Science, Jul 1965; 149: 528 – 529.

Additional Studies of the Inactivation of the Virus of Epidemic Influenza by Soaps. C. Chester Stock and Thomas Francis, Jr. J. Immunol., Oct 1943; 47: 303 – 308. Free abstract. Purchase access article $10 site $40.

The Neutralization of the Mouse-Adapted Lansing Strain of Poliomyelitis Virus by the Serum of Patients and Contacts. Gordon C. Bkrown and Thomas Francis, Jr. J. Immunol., Sep 1947; 57: 1 – 10.

The Failure of Merodicein to Modify Influenza Virus Infections. Thomas Francis, Jr. and Kari Penttinen. J. Immunol., Nov 1949; 63: 337 – 339.

Immunology and Preservation of the Norm. Thomas Francis, Jr. J. Immunol., Oct 1950; 65: 437 – 442.

Antigen-Antibody Precipitates in Solid Medium with Influenza Virus. Keith E. Jensen and Thomas Francis, Jr. J. Immunol., Mar 1953; 70: 321 – 325.

Studies of Antibodies to Strains of Influenza Virus in Persons of Different Ages in Sera Collected in a Postepidemic Period. A. V. Hennessy, F. M. Davenport, T. Francis, Jr., and Phyllis Fabisch J. Immunol., Nov 1955; 75: 401 - 409.

Serologic Comparisons with Lines of Influenza Virus Isolated and Serially Transferred in Different Experimental Hosts. Keith E. Jensen, Elva Minuse, and Thomas Francis, Jr. J. Immunol., May 1957; 78: 356 – 364.

Studies of Antibodies to 1956 and 1963 Equine Influenza Viruses in Horses and Man. Elva Minuse, James L. McQueen, Fred M. Davenport, and Thomas Francis, Jr. J. Immunol., Apr 1965; 94: 563 – 566.

The Incidence Of Poliomyelitis Virus In Cases Of Mild Illness During A Severe Urban Epidemic. Gordon C. Brown, John D. Ainslie, And Thomas Francis, Jr. Am. J. Epidemiol., March 1949; 49: 194 – 199.

Serum Alkaline Phosphatase In Monkeys And Man During Poliomyelitis. John D. Ainslie, P. K. Stumpf, And Thomas Francis, Jr. Am. J. Epidemiol., January 1951; 53: 58 – 68.

Studies Of The Distribution Of Poliomyelitis Virus: Vi. In A Small Community In An Epidemic Area. Gordon C. Brown, John D. Ainslie, Alexander G. Gilliam, Arthur R. Zintek, And Thomas Francis, Jr. Am. J. Epidemiol., January 1952; 55: 49 – 54.

Poliomyelitis In Hidalgo County, Texas, 1948 Poliomyelitis And Coxsackie Viruses In Privy Specimens. Am. J. Epidemiol Thomas Francis, Jr., Gordon C. Brown, And John D. Ainslie, November 1953; 58: 310 – 318.

An Experience With Vaccination Against Influenza B In 1952 By Use Of Monovalent Vaccine. K. V. Hennessy, Elva Minuse, F. M. Davenport, And T. Francis, Jr. Am. J. Epidemiol., September 1953; 58: 165 – 173.

Studies Of The Distribution Of Poliomyelitis Virus: V. The Virus In Familial Associates Of Cases.* Gordon C. Brown, Thomas Francis, Jr., and John Ainslie. J. Exp. Med., Jan 1948; 87: 21 – 27.

Mechanisms Of Infection And Immunity In Virus Diseases Of Man.* Thomas Francis, Jr. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., Sep 1947; 11: 147 – 156.

Experience with Vaccination Against Influenza in the Spring of 1947: A Preliminary Report. Thomas Francis, Jr., Jonas E. Salk, and J. J. Quilligan, Jr. Am J Public Health, Aug 1947; 37: 1013 – 1016.

Cutaneous Reactions to the Polysaccharides and Proteins of Pneumococcus in lLobar Pneumonia.* William S. Tillett and Thomas Francis, Jr J. Exp. Med., Nov 1929; 50: 687 – 701.

Cutaneous Reactions In Rabbits To The Type-Specific Capsular Polysaccharides Of Pneumococcus.* Thomas Francis, Jr. and William S. Tillett. J. Exp. Med., Oct 1931; 54: 587 – 596.

The Identity Of The Mechanisms Of Type-Specific Agglutinin And Precipitin Reactions With Pneumococcus.* Thomas Francis, Jr. J. Exp. Med., Jan 1932; 55: 55 – 62.

The Value Of The Skin Test With Type-Specific Capsular Polysaccharide In The Serum Treatment Of Type I Pneumococcus Pneumonia.* Thomas Francis, Jr. J. Exp. Med., Apr 1933; 57: 617 – 631.

Experimental Type II Pneumococcus Pneumonia In Monkeys: I. Production And Clinical Course.* Thomas Francis, Jr. and Edward E. Terrell J. Exp. Med., May 1934; 59: 609 – 640.

Experimental Type III Pneumococcus pneumonia in monkeys: II. Treatment with an Enzyme Which Decomposes the Specific Capsular pPolysaccharide of Pneumococcus Type III.* Thomas Francis, Jr., Edward E. Terrell, René Dubos, and Oswald T. Avery J. Exp. Med., May 1934; 59: 641 – 667.

Immunological Studies With The Virus Of Influenza.* Thomas Francis, Jr. and T. P. Magill J. Exp. Med., Oct 1935; 62: 505 – 516.

Rift Valley Fever: A Report Of Three Cases Of Laboratory Infection And The Experimental Transmission Of The Disease To Ferrets.* Thomas Francis, Jr. and T. P. Magill J. Exp. Med., Sep 1935; 62: 433 – 448.

The Susceptibility Of Swine To The Virus Of Human Influenza.* Richard E. Shope and Thomas Francis, Jr. J. Exp. Med., Nov 1936; 64: 791 – 801.

Studies With Human Influenza Virus Cultivated In Artificial Medium.* T.P. Magill and Thomas Francis, Jr. J. Exp. Med., Jun 1936; 63: 803 – 811.

Neutralization Tests With Sera Of Convalescent Or Immunized Animals And The Viruses Of Swine And Human Influenza.* Thomas Francis, Jr. and Richard E. Shope J. Exp. Med., May 1936; 63: 645 – 653.

The Incidence Of Neutralizing Antibodies For Human Influenza Virus In The Serum Of Human Individuals Of Different Ages.* Thomas Francis, Jr. and T. P. Magill. J. Exp. Med., May 1936; 63: 655 – 668.

The Action Of Immune Serum On Human Influenza Virus In Vitr.* T. P. Magill and Thomas Francis, Jr. J. Exp. Med., Jun 1937; 65: 861 – 872.

The Antibody Response Of Human Subjects Vaccinated With The Virus Of Human Influenza.* Thomas Francis, Jr. and T. P. Magill J. Exp. Med., Feb 1937; 65: 251 – 259.

Studies On The Somatic C Polysaccharide Of Pneumococcus: I. Cutaneous And Serological Reactions In Pneumonia.* Theodore J. Abernethy and Thomas Francis, Jr. J. Exp. Med., Jan 1937; 65: 59 – 73.

The Effect Of Subcutaneous Vaccination With Influenza Virus Upon The Virus-Inactivating Capacity Of Nasal Secretions. Thomas Francis, Jr., Harold E. Pearson, Eugene R. Sullivan, And Phil M. Brown. Am. J. Epidemiol., May 1943; 37: 294 – 300.

The Inactivation Of The Virus Of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis By Soaps.* C. Chester Stock and Thomas Francis, Jr. J. Exp. Med., Apr 1943; 77: 323 – 336.

Immunization Against Influenza With Observations During An Epidemic Of Influenza A One Year After Vaccination. Jonas E Salk, Harold E Pearson, Philip N Brown, Charley J Smyth, And Thomas Francis, Jr. Am. J. Epidemiol., November 1945; 42: 307 – 322.

The Development Of The 1943 Vaccination Study Of The Commission On Influenza. Thomas Francis, Jr. Am. J. Epidemiol., July 1945; 42: 1 – 11.

A Clinical, Epidemiological And Immunological Evaluation Op Vaccination Against Epidemic Influenza. Jonas E Salk, Wilbur J Menke, Jr, And Thomas Francis, Jr. Am. J. Epidemiol., July 1945; 42: 57 – 93.

Studies Of The Distribution Of Poliomyelitis Virus: III. In An Urban Area During An Epidemic. Harold E. Pearson, Gordon C. Brown, Robert C. Rendtorff, Gerald M. Ridenour, And Thomas Francis, Jr. Am. J. Epidemiol., March 1945; 41: 188 – 210.

The Virus-Neutralizing Action Of Serum From Mice Infected With Poliomyelitis Virus.* Gordon C. Brown and Thomas Francis, Jr. J. Exp. Med., Feb 1945; 81: 161 – 169.

Dissociation Of Hemagglutinating And Antibody-Measuring Capacities Of Influenza Virus.* Thomas Francis, Jr. J. Exp. Med., Jan 1947; 85: 1 – 7.

Serological Reactions In Pneumonia With A Non-Protein Somatic Fraction Of Pneumococcus.* William S. Tillett and Thomas Francis, Jr. J. Exp. Med., Oct 1930; 52: 561 – 571.

Cutaneous Reactions In Pneumonia. The Development Of Antibodies Following The Intradermal Injection Of Type-Specific Polysaccharide.* Thomas Francis, Jr. and William S. Tillett J. Exp. Med., Oct 1930; 52: 573 – 585.

A Comparison Of The Growth Curves Of Adapted And Unadapted Lines Of Influenza Virus.* Fred M. Davenport and Thomas Francis, Jr. J. Exp. Med., Jan 1951; 93: 129 – 137.

Epidemiologic And Immunologic Significance Of Age Distribution Of Antibody To Antigenic Variants Of Influenza Virus.* Fred M. Davenport, Albert V. Hennessy, Thomas Francis, Jr., and With the Technical Assistance of Phyllis Fabisch. J. Exp. Med., Nov 1953; 98: 641 – 656.

The Antigenic Composition Of Influenza Virus Measured By Antibody-Absorption.* Keith E. Jensen and Thomas Francis, Jr. J. Exp. Med., Nov 1953; 98: 619 – 639.

Characterization Of Influenza Antibodies By Serum Absorption.* Keith E. Jensen, Fred M. Davenport, Albert V. Hennessy, and Thomas Francis, Jr. J. Exp. Med., Aug 1956; 104: 199 – 209.

A study of the neurotropic tendency in strains of the virus of epidemic influenza.* Thomas Francis, Jr. and Alice E. Moore J. Exp. Med., Dec 1940; 72: 717 – 728.

A New Type Of Virus From Epidemic Influenza. Thomas Francis, Jr. Science, Nov 1940; 92: 405 – 408.

The Antigenic Potency Of Epidemic Influenza Virus Following Inactivation By Ultraviolet Radiation.* Jonas E. Salk, G. I. Lavin, and Thomas Francis, Jr. J. Exp. Med., Dec 1940; 72: 729 – 745.

Studies On The Nasal Histology Of Epidemic Influenza Virus Infection In The Ferret: I. The Development And Repair Of The Nasal Lesion.* Thomas Francis, Jr. and C. H. Stuart-Harris. J. Exp. Med., Nov 1938; 68: 789 – 802.

Studies On The Nasal Histology Of Epidemic Influenza Virus Infection In The Ferret: Ii. The Resistance Of Regenerating Respiratory Epithelium To Reinfection And To Physicochemical Injury.* C. H. Stuart-Harris and Thomas Francis, Jr. J. Exp. Med., Nov 1938; 68: 803 – 812.

Studies On The Nasal Histology Of Epidemic Influenza Virus Infection In The Ferret: Iii. Histological And Serological Observations On Ferrets Receiving Repeated Inoculations Of Epidemic Infuenza Virus.* Thomas Francis, Jr. and C. H. Stuart-Harris. J. Exp. Med., Nov 1938; 68: 813 – 830.

An Unidentified Virus Producing Acute Meningitis And Pneumonitis In Experimental Animals.* Thomas Francis, Jr. And T. P. Magill J. Exp. Med., Aug 1938; 68: 147 – 160.

The Immunology Of Epidemic Influenza. Thomas Francis, Jr. Am. J. Epidemiol., July 1938; 28: 63 – 79.

The Demonstration Of Lesions And Virus In The Lungs Of Mice Receiving Large Intra-Peritoneal Inoculations Of Epidemic Influenza Virus.* E. R. Rickard and Thomas Francis, Jr. J. Exp. Med., Jun 1938; 67: 953 – 972.

The Inactivation Of The Virus Of Epidemic Influenza By Soaps.* C. Chester Stock and Thomas Francis, Jr. J. Exp. Med., May 1940; 71: 661 – 681.

Quantitative Relationships Between The Immunizing Dose Of Epidemic Influenza Virus And The Resultant Immunity.* Thomas Francis, Jr. J. Exp. Med., Feb 1939; 69: 283 – 300.

A Study In Vitro Of Components In The Transmission Cycle Of Swine Influenza Virus.* W. D. Peterson, Jr., Fred M. Davenport, and Thomas Francis, Jr. J. Exp. Med., Dec 1961; 114: 1023 – 1033.

Further Observations On The Relevance Of Serologic Recapitulations Of Human Infection With Influenza Viruses.* J. Exp. Med., Dec 1964; 120: 1087 – 1097 Transmission Of Influenza By A Filterable Virus. Thomas Francis, Jr. Science, Nov 1934; 80: 457 – 459.

Cultivation Of Human Influenza Virus In An Artificial Medium. Thomas Francis, Jr. and Thomas P. Magill. Science, Oct 1935; 82: 353 – 354.

The Inactivation Of Epidemic Influenza Virus By Nasal Secretions Of Human Individuals. Thomas Francis, Jr. Science, Feb 1940; 91: 198 – 199.

A Simplified Procedure For The Concentration And Purification Of Influenza Virus. Thomas Francis, Jr. And Jonas E. Salk. Science, Nov 1942; 96: 499 – 500.

A Rationale For Studies In The Control Of Epidemic Influenza. Thomas Francis, Jr. Science, Mar 1943; 97: 229 – 235.

Identification of Another Epidemic Respiratory Disease. Thomas Francis, Jr., J. J. Quilligan, Jr., and Elva Minuse. Science, Oct 1950; 112: 495 – 497.

“Adenoviruses”: Group Name Proposed for New Respiratory-Tract Viruses. John F. Enders, Joseph A. Bell, John H. Dingle, Thomas Francis, Jr., Maurice R. Hilleman, Robert J. Huebner, and A. M.-M. Payne. Science, Jul 1956; 124: 119 – 120.

History Of Pediatrics. Sarah Marie Lambert and Howard Markel. Making History: Thomas Francis, Jr, MD, and the 1954 Salk Poliomyelitis Vaccine Field Trial. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, May 2000; 154: 512 – 517.

Articles found at HighWire Press® Standford University (*Asterisk denotes article is free of subscription fee.)

Virus as Organism.* Thomas Francis, Jr. Am J Public Health, Feb 1946; 36: 188. Research and Standards.* Thomas Francis, Jr. Am J Public Health, May 1948; 38: 50 – 53.

Symposium on Controlled Vaccine Field Trials: Poliomyelitis.* Thomas Francis, Jr. Am J Public Health, Mar 1957; 47: 283 – 287.

Letters to the Editor.* Thomas Francis, Jr. and Arnold S. Monto. Am J Public Health, Apr 1969; 59: 589.

Studies in Epidemiology: Selected Papers of Morris Greenberg. Fred B. Rogers, Ed. Putnam, New York, 1965. xxviii + 418 pp. Illus. Thomas Francis, Jr. Science, Jul 1965; 149: 528 – 529.

Studies Of The Distribution Of Poliomyelitis Virus: Iii. In An Urban Area During An Epidemic. Harold E. Pearson, Gordon C. Brown, Robert C. Rendtorff, Gerald M. Ridenour, And Thomas Francis, Jr. Am. J. Epidemiol., Mar 1945; 41: 188 – 210.

Serum Alkaline Phosphatase In Monkeys And Man During Poliomyelitis. John D. Ainslie, P. K. Stumpf, And Thomas Francis, Jr. Am. J. Epidemiol., Jan 1951; 53: 58 – 68.

Poliomyelitis In Hidalgo County, Texas, 1948 Poliomyelitis And Coxsackie Viruses In Privy Specimens. Thomas Francis, Jr., Gordon C. Brown, And John D. Ainslie. Am. J. Epidemiol., Nov 1953; 58: 310 – 318.

Studies Of The Distribution Of Poliomyelitis Virus: V. The Virus In Familial Associates Of Cases.* Gordon C. Brown, Thomas Francis, Jr., and John Ainslie. J. Exp. Med., Jan 1948; 87: 21 – 27.

Further Observations On The Relevance Of Serologic Recapitulations Of Human Infection With Influenza Viruses. * F. M. Davenport, A. V. Hennessy, J. Drescher, J. Mulder, and T. Francis, Jr. J. Exp. Med., Dec 1964; 120: 1087 – 1097.

The Virus-Neutralizing Action Of Serum From Mice Infected With Poliomyelitis Virus. Gordon C. Brown and Thomas Francis, Jr. J. Exp. Med., Feb 1945; 81: 161 – 169.

The Neutralization of the Mouse-Adapted Lansing Strain of Poliomyelitis Virus by the Serum of Patients and Contacts. Gordon C. Brown and Thomas Francis, Jr. J. Immunol., Sep 1947; 57: 1 – 10.

The prevention of virus diseases. Thomas Francis. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Volume 1, Issue 2, February 1948, 160-167.

Viruses as agents of disease. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Volume 1, Issue 2, February 1948, 153-159.Thomas Francis.

Viruses as agents of disease. Jr., Thomas Francis. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology, Volume 100, Issue 2, Supplement 1, August 2005, Pages S17-S21.

The prevention of virus disease. Jr., Thomas Francis. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology, Volume 100, Issue 2, Supplement 1, August 2005, Pages S22-S26.

Familial hypercholesterolemia, xanthomatosis and coronary heart disease. Frederick H. Epstein, Walter D. Block, Eugene A. Hand and Thomas Francis. The American Journal of Medicine, Volume 26, Issue 1, January 1959, 39-53.

Dr. Jonas Salk. Kimberly M. Kleiss. Primary Care Update for OB/GYNS, Volume 10, Issue 3, May-June 2003, 127-128.

Remembering the role of Thomas Francis, Jr. In the design of the 1954 salk vaccine trial. Jane S. Smith Controlled Clinical Trials, Volume 13, Issue 3, June 1992, 181-184.

From New England Journal of Medicine

April 12, 1955 — Tommy Francis and the Salk Vaccine. Markel H. N Engl J Med 352:1408, April 7, 2005 Perspective. Articles found at JSTOR Author(s) of Review: William G. Rothstein.

Reviewed Work(s): Medical Lives and Scientific Medicine at Michigan, 1891-1969 by Joel D. Howell Isis > Vol. 85, No. 4 (Dec., 1994), pp. 720-721. Author(s) of Review: Thomas Neville Bonner Reviewed Work(s): Medical Lives and Scientific Medicine at Michigan, 1891-1969 by Joel D. Howell History of Education Quarterly > Vol. 35, No. 1 (Spring, 1995), pp. 72-73.

Author(s) of Review: George Simpson. Reviewed Work(s): Medical Research; A Midcentury Survey by Esther Everett Lape. Social Problems > Vol. 4, No. 1, Special Issue on Medical Sociology (Jul., 1956), pp. 89-90. On the Doctrine of Original Antigenic Sin. Thomas Francis, Jr. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society > Vol. 104, No. 6 (Dec., 1960), pp. 572-578.

Author(s) of Review: Carolyn G. Shapiro. Reviewed Work(s): Medical Lives and Scientific Medicine at Michigan, 1891-1969 by Joel D. Howell Technology and Culture > Vol. 36, No. 3 (Jul., 1995), pp. 729-731.

The American Foundation on Medical Research in Biological Perspective. Esther Everett Lape. AIBS Bulletin > Vol. 6, No. 2 (Apr., 1956), pp. 9-12.

Changes in the Membership 1969-1970. Records of the Academy (American Academy of Arts and Sciences) > No. 1969/1970 (1969), p. 64.

Statistics of the 1954 Polio Vaccine Trials. K. A. Brownlee. Journal of the American Statistical Association > Vol. 50, No. 272 (Dec., 1955), pp. 1005-1013.

Delayed Effects of External Radiation Exposure: A Brief History. Robert W. Miller. Radiation Research > Vol. 144, No. 2 (Nov., 1995), pp. 160-169 (mentions Francis in the text).

Review: Collected Essays. The American Historical Review > Vol. 99, No. 4 (Oct., 1994), pp. 1441-1458.

People and Places. BioScience > Vol. 20, No. 12 (Jun., 1970), pp. 722-723 (mentions a posthumous award to Francis).

People and Places. BioScience > Vol. 20, No. 1 (Jan., 1970), pp. 48-50. (brief obit on Francis).

Articles from WorldCat™

Thomas Francis, Jr.: an appreciation. Archives of environmental health, 1970 Sep; 21(3): 230-6. MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. ISSN: 0003-9896 | OCLC: 103864204 Located in 819 libraries.

Thomas Francis, Jr., MD, 1900-1969. CM MacLeod. Archives of environmental health, 1970 Sep; 21(3): 226-9. Database: From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. ISSN: 0003-9896 | OCLC: 103864195 Located in 819 libraries.

Thomas Francis, Jr., MD: epidemiologist to the military. HE Griffin. Archives of environmental health, 1970 Sep; 21(3): 252-5 MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. ISSN: 0003-9896 | OCLC: 103864225 Located in 819 libraries.

Thomas Francis, Jr., MD, as a clinician–1900-1969. J Paul. Archives of Environmental Health, 1970 Sep; 21(3): 247-51 MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. ISSN: 0003-9896 | OCLC: 103864219 Located in 819 libraries.

Infections And Immunity – Comments on Immunity to Virus Diseases. Thomas Francis Jr. The Yale journal of biology and medicine. 73, no. 1, (2000): 133. New Haven, Conn. ISSN: 0044-0086 | OCLC: 97085706 Located in 311 libraries.

Making history: Thomas Francis, Jr, MD, and the 1954 Salk Poliomyelitis Vaccine Field Trial. SM Lambert, H Markel. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 2000 May; 154(5): 512-7 MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. ISSN: 1072-4710 | OCLC: 118426753 Located in 668 libraries.

The restless spirit of Thomas Francis, Jr., still lives: the unsolved problems of recurrent influenza epidemics. J Salk. Archives of environmental health, 1970 Sep; 21(3): 273-5 MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. ISSN: 0003-9896 | OCLC: 103864256 Located in 819 libraries.

Francis, Thomas, Jr. American national biography. V. 8 (1999). OCLC: 52899769. Located at Kansas State Library Topeka, KS 66612 United States.

Infectious Diseases Society of America Bristol Award for distinguished achievement in the field of infectious diseases awarded to Thomas Francis, Jr., M.D. at the seventh meeting of the Society in Washington, D.C., October 25, 1969. The Journal of infectious diseases, 1970 Feb; 121(2): 240-1 MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. ISSN: 0022-1899 | OCLC: 102460399 Located at 886 libraries.

Thomas Francis, Jr., 1900-1969 : A Biographical Memoir. John R Paul. Washington, D.C. : National Academy of Sciences, 1974. OCLC: 66269502. Located at University of Michigan Library, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 United States.

Thomas Francis, Jr. : July 15, 1900-October 1, 1969. John R Paul. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1974. ISBN: 030902238X 9780309022385 | OCLC: 10501119. Located at University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, University of Puget Sound Library, Tacoma, WA, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, Columbia University Libraries, New York.

Thomas Francis, Jr., 1900-1969. W McDermott. Transactions of the Association of American Physicians, 1970; 83: 16-8. MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. ISSN: 0066-9458 | OCLC: 103874483. Located at 157 libraries.

Suspended judgment. Remembering the role of Thomas Francis, Jr. in the design of the 1954 Salk Vaccine Trial. JS Smith. Controlled clinical trials, 1992 Jun; 13(3): 181-4. From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. ISSN: 0197-2456 | OCLC: 120461742 Located at 362 libraries.

Diagnostic Procedures for Virus and Rickettsial Diseases. Thomas Francis, Jr. New York: American Public Health Ass., 1956. OCLC: 67596245. Located at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV Netherlands.

Evaluation of the 1954 field trial of poliomyelitis vaccine; final report. Thomas Francis; University of Michigan. Poliomyelitis Vaccine Evaluation Center. Ann Arbor, MI. 1957. OCLC: 916173. Located in 92 libraries.

Evaluation of the 1954 Field Trial of Poliomyelitis Vaccine: final report. Thomas Francis, Jr., John A Napier, Robert B Voight, National Foundation for infantile paralysis. Ann Arbor, MI. 1957. OCLC: 66166941 Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, 2311 BG Netherlands.

An Evaluation of the 1954 Poliomyelitis Vaccine Trials : summary report. Thomas Francis New York. 1955. OCLC: 68734743 Located at Bibliotheek Van de Univ Van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1012 WP Netherlands.

Report on academic standards for athletic eligibility at the University of Michigan, Thomas Francis. University of Michigan. Senate Advisory Committee on University Affairs. Ann Arbor, MI. 1952. OCLC: 40137088 . Located at University of Michigan, Bentley History Library, Ann Arbor, MI.

The Common Cold. (motion picture: archival material) 1949. Thomas Francis. Encyclopaedia Britannica Films, ©1949. OCLC: 70713623. Located at Texas A&M University Library, Commerce Commerce, TX, Northern Illinois University Dekalb, IL, National Library of Medicine Bethesda, MD.

Proceedings of the Second National Congress on Environmental Health at Ann Arbor, Michigan, June 6-8, 1961. Ann Arbor, MI. 1961. OCLC: 36709825.

Experimental septicemia; a method for its production in dogs. Thomas Francis, Jr. Thesis/dissertation/manuscript Archival Material Dissertation: Thesis (M.D.)–Yale University, 1925. OCLC: 42288247. Located at Yale University Library, New Haven, CT, Yale University Medical Library, New Haven, CT.

Progress report to physicians on immunization against poliomyelitis. (motion picture: archival material). 1955. Thomas Francis, Jonas Salk, Medical Communications, Inc., Dumont Television Network, Eli Lilly and Company, National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis. OCLC: 31655754 Located at National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.

Problems and Trends in Virus Research. Thomas M Rivers, Wendell M Stanley, W A Sawyer, Thomas Francis, Richard Edwin Shope, Joseph Stokes, Geoffrey William Rake, University of Pennsylvania. Bicentennial Conference. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1941. OCLC: 3209738. Located at 44 libraries.

Selected Papers on Virology. Nicholas Hahon. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. ©1964 OCLC: 2358535. Located at 487 libraries. Post-war Epidemiology : proceedings of a conference Thomas Francis. University of Michigan. Dept. of Epidemiology. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, School of Public Health. 1944. OCLC: 22975218. Thomas Francis, Jr. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. 1947OCLC: 84272498.

Thomas Francis, Jr. JR Paul. Biographical memoirs. National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) 1974; 44: 57-110. MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. OCLC: 112622673.

Publications from the School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Bentley History Library, 1920 : Bureau of Public Health Economics; Dept. of Epidemiology; Poliomyelitis Vaccine Evaluation Center; Dept. of Population Planning; National Sanitation Foundation (U.S.); Program in Hospital Administration; Division of Hygiene and Public Health. Dept. of Hospital Administration. Ann Arbor, MI: School of Public Health, University of Michigan 1920.OCLC: 78624043. Dr. Thomas Francis, Jr. 1963. OCLC: 82864502.

Thomas Francis photograph series. 1933-1969. (visual material, publication papers) OCLC: 35062529. University of Michigan, Bentley History Library, Ann Arbor, MI. The Twentieth-century Sciences; Studies in the Biography of Ideas. Erik H Erikson, Gerald James Holton. New York, Norton. 1972. OCLC: 573499. Located at 586 libraries.

Medical marvels : the 100 greatest advances in medicine. Eugene Straus, Alex Straus. Publisher: Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. 2006. ISBN: 1591023734 9781591023739 | OCLC: 61694828. Located at 322 libraries.

The politics of healing histories of alternative medicine in twentieth-century North America. Robert D Johnston, NetLibrary, Inc. Internet Resource Computer File New York: Routledge. 2004. ISBN: 0203506073 9780203506073 | OCLC: 56623242. Located at 122 libraries.

Ethics and infectious disease. Michael J Selgelid, M Pabst Battin, Charles B Smith. Internet Resource Malden, MA Oxford: Blackwell Pub., ©2006. ISBN: 140514596X 9781405145961 | OCLC: 67817191. Subjects: Communicable diseases – Moral and ethic. Located at 52 libraries. News of the day. [Vol. 26, no. 267].

The Polio Story. (motion picture) Metro-Goldwyn Mayer release. 1955OCLC: 81460772. No libraries listed.

Papers, 1926-1991. Jonas Salk, Jacob Bronowski, Armand Hammer, Francis Crick, Charles Mérieux, Thomas Francis, Louis I Kahn; L James Lewis, Basil O’Connor, John S Romine, Albert B Sabin, Leo Szilard, Salk Institute for Biological Studies. OCLC: 18664855. University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.

Historical vignettes of March of Dimes polio research program. 1955. (video recording: VHS tape) Thomas Francis, Jonas Salk, March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation. OCLC: 35067565 Located at University of Michigan, Bentley History Library, Ann Arbor, MI.

Key word suggestions for additional publication searches: polio, infantile paralysis, influenza virus, virology, epidemiology, Salk field trials, Jonas Salk.