John Franklin Enders, PhD

Born: February 10, 1897
Died: September 8, 1985

Major Contribution:

John Franklin Enders was awarded the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for cultivating poliomyelitis virus in non-nervous tissue cultures. Receiving the award with him were his younger colleagues Frederick C. Robbins and Thomas H. Weller, both who worked with him at the Research Division of Infectious Disease at the Children's Hospital of Boston. Crucial to developing a vaccine was their observation that the multiplication of the viruses in the cultures showed changes in the cell tissues that were visible with a high power light microscope, so viable and growing poliovirus could be detected. This discovery greatly lessened the need for monkeys to confirm the presence of the poliovirus.

Other Information:

Brief Biography: John Franklin Enders was born in Hartford, Connecticut in 1877. He attended Yale, but his education was interrupted by World War I. After graduating in 1920, he studied at Harvard choosing a PhD in microbiology over medicine. After World War II, he also become director of the Research Division of Infectious Disease at the Children's Hospital of Boston (Harvard), where he was joined by Robbins and Weller. Their Nobel Prize winning work was done during the period of 1948-1950.

Enders continued his virology work and explored the problems of measles and is created with training several generations of researchers.

The transcript of the 1954 Nobel Prize, Medicine category, award acceptance speech is available from The Nobel Foundation. The New York Times published his obituary, “John F. Enders, Virology Pioneer Who Won Nobel Prize, Dies At 88,” by Lawrence K. Altman, on September 10, 1985.

Location of papers:
Yale University Manuscripts and Archives
Yale University Library
P.O. Box 208240 New Haven, CT 06520-8240
203-432-1735; 203-432-7441 fax
mssa.assist@yale.edu
On-line finding guide.

Description of papers: The John Franklin Enders Papers consist of correspondence and topical files, writings, photographs, and laboratory notebooks that document Enders’ research and teaching in the field of bacteriology and virology. The papers were donated by Mrs. Enders in 1988 and 1990. The 56 linear feet of material is arranged in three series: of correspondence and topical files, writings and laboratory notebooks.

Major Articles: John Franklin Enders, PhD

Articles found at HighWire Press® Standford University. (*Asterisk denotes article is free of subscription fee.)

Studies On The Cultivation Of Poliomyelitis Viruses In Tissue Culture: V. The Direct Isolation And Serologic Identification Of Virus Strains In Tissue Culture From Patients With Nonparalytic And Paralytic Poliomyelitis. F. C. Robbins, J. F. Enders, T. H. Weller, And G. L. Florentino. Am. J. Epidemiol., Sep 1951; 54: 286 - 293.

Complement Fixation With The Three Types Of Poliomyelitis Viruses Propagated In Tissue Culture. Arne Svedmyr, John F. Enders, And Ann Holloway Am. J. Epidemiol., Jan 1953; 57: 60 - 70.

The Development and Evaluation of an Attenuated Measles Virus Vaccine.* Samuel L. Katz, John F. Enders, and Ann Holloway. Am J Public Health, Feb 1962; 52: 5 - 10.

General Preface to Studies on the Cultivation of Poliomyelitis Viruses in Tissue Culture. John F. Enders. J. Immunol., Dec 1952; 69: 639 - 643.

Studies on the Cultivation of Poliomyelitis Viruses in Tissue Culture: II. The Propagation of the Poliomyelitis Viruses in Roller-Tube Cultures of Various Human Tissues. Frederick C. Robbins, Thomas H. Weller, and John F. Enders. J. Immunol., Dec 1952; 69: 673 - 694.

Studies on the Cultivation of Poliomyelitis Viruses in Tissue Culture: I. The Propagation of Poliomyelitis Viruses in Suspended Cell Cultures of Various Human Tissues. Thomas H. Weller, John F. Enders, Frederick C. Robbins, and Marguerite B. Stoddard. J. Immunol., Dec 1952; 69: 645 - 671.

Tissue Cultures in the Study of Immunity: Retrospection and Anticipation. John F. Enders. J. Immunol., Jul 1954; 73: 62 - 66.

An Evaluation of the Roller-Tube Tissue Culture for the Isolation of Poliomyelitis Viruses from Feces. Sidney Kibrick, John F. Enders, Frederick C. Robbins, and Yinette Chang. J. Immunol., Nov 1955; 75: 391 - 400.

Poliovirus replication and cytopathogenicity in monolayer hamster cell cultures fused with beta propiolactone-inactivated Sendai virus. JM Neff and JF Enders. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., Jan 1968; 127: 260.

Replication of Poliovirus I in Chick Embryo and Hamster Cells Exposed to Sendai Virus. John F. Enders, Ann Holloway, and Elizabeth A. Grogan. PNAS, Mar 1967; 57: 637 - 644.

Cultivation of the Lansing Strain of Poliomyelitis Virus in Cultures of Various Human Embryonic Tissues. John F. Enders, Thomas H. Weller, and Frederick C. Robbins. Science, Jan 1949; 109: 85 - 87.

Articles Found at ScienceDirect.com

John F. Enders. The Journal of Pediatrics, Volume 124, Issue 1, January 1994, Pages 155-157 Full PDF article available to purchase and download via ScienceDirect.com

Thomas Huckle Weller, MD: Nobel Laureate and research pioneer in poliomyelitis, varicella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, rubella, and other infectious diseases. B. Lee Ligon. Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Volume 13, Issue 1, January 2002, Pages 55-63 Full PDF article available to purchase and download via ScienceDirect.com

Special article: Polio: Its history and its eradication. Jan E. Drutz and B. Lee Ligon. Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Volume 11, Issue 4, October 2000, Pages 280-286 Full PDF article available to purchase and download via ScienceDirect.com

Biography: John Franklin Enders, PhD (1897-1985): Nobel Laureate and pioneer in conquering infectious diseases. B.Lee Ligon. Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Volume 11, Issue 3, July 2000, Pages 227-231 Full PDF article available to purchase and download via ScienceDirect.com

Articles found at JSTOR Communication

Poliomyelitis: The Virus, Its Dissemination and Methods of Immunization. John F. Enders; John R. Paul; Thomas Francis, Jr. Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. > Vol. 8, No. 7 (Apr., 1955), pp. 1-2 Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-712X%28195504%298%3A7%3C1%3ACPTVID...

Comments on Viral Cytopathogenicity. John F. Enders. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. > Vol. 101, No. 4 (Aug., 1957), pp. 325-329 Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-049X%2819570816%29101%3A4%3C325%3A...

John Franklin Enders. 10 February 1897-8 September 1985. D. A. J. Tyrrell. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society > Vol. 33 (Dec., 1987), pp. 212-233 Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0080-4606%28198712%2933%3C212%3AJFE1F1%...

Some Prospective Problems in Animal Virology. John F. Enders. AIBS Bulletin > Vol. 13, No. 2 (Apr., 1963), pp. 30-31 Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0096-7645%28196304%2913%3A2%3C30%3ASPPI...

Observations of Measles Virus Infection of Cultured Human Cells: I. A Study of Development and Spread of Virus Antigen by Means of Immunofluorescence. Fred Rapp, Irving Gordon, Richard F. Baker. The Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology > Vol. 7, No. 1 (Feb., 1960), pp. 43-48 Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0095-9901%28196002%297%3A1%3C43%3AOOMVI...

Review: [untitled] Author(s) of Review: Paul F. Wehrle. Reviewed Work(s): Poliomyelitis. The Quarterly Review of Biology > Vol. 32, No. 2 (Jun., 1957), p. 204 (related to John F. Enders)

Costs and Benefits of Medical Research: A Case Study of Poliomyelitis. Burton A. Weisbrod. The Journal of Political Economy > Vol. 79, No. 3 (May, 1971), pp. 527-544 Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-3808%28197105%2F06%2979%3A3%3C527%...

John F. Enders. Robbins FC. The Journal Of Pediatrics, 1994 Jan; Vol. 124 (1), pp. 155-7; PMID: 8283366 John F. Enders, 1897-1985. A tribute. Robbins F. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases, 1986 Apr; Vol. 153 (4), pp. 807-8; PMID: 3512738.

John F. Enders (1897-1985).Rosen FS. Nature, 1985 Oct 17-23; Vol. 317 (6038), pp. 575; PMID: 3903511.

Classics in infectious diseases. The cultivation of the poliomyelitis viruses in tissue culture. John F. Enders, Frederick C. Robbins, and Thomas H. Weller. By Enders JF, Reviews Of Infectious Diseases Rev Infect Dis, 1980 May-Jun; Vol. 2 (3), pp. 493-504; PMID: 6251529

EBSCO Host Research Databases

He Put an End to Polio. Barrett, Amy. Business Week; 6/28/2004 Issue 3889, p18-18, 1p, 1bw Subject Terms: *medicine, Preventive *poliomyelitis vaccine People: Salk, Jonas; Francis, Thomas; Enders, John F. Abstract: This article profiles the creator of the polio vaccine, Jonas Salk. Not quite 50 years after the Salk vaccine was created, polio in America is a terror of the past. But in the '50s, tens of thousands of people--mostly children--fell victim to the disease every year. No wonder Dr. Jonas Salk, developer of the first polio vaccine, became a revered name. After graduating from the City College of New York, he earned a medical degree from New York University in 1939 and went to work for noted virologist Thomas Francis Jr. at the University of Michigan. Under Francis, who was developing a flu vaccine for the Army, Salk showed a flair for laboratory innovation. In 1949 the breakthrough that paved the way for the polio vaccine came when John F. Enders and his team were able to cultivate the polio virus in test tubes. Full Text Word Count: 616 ISSN: 0007-7135 Accession Number: 13539176 : http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=afh&AN=13539176&si... Database: Academic Search Elite Notes: This title is held locally.

Articles from WorldCat™

John F. Enders, Ph.D. and Frederick C. Robbins, M.D. (Motion picture: Archival Material) John Z Bowers; National Medical Audiovisual Center.; Alpha Omega Alpha. Atlanta, GA: The Center. [Washington : for sale by National Audiovisual Center, 1974] OCLC: 31653093 Located at National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20894 United States.

[Letter] 1978 May 17, Boston [to Leo] Whitehill. John F Enders; Leo Allen Whitehill; Dolores M Maxwell Thesis/dissertation/manuscript Archival Material OCLC: 8456579 Subjects: Enders, John F. Located at Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX.

John F. Enders, Ph. D. (video recording) John F Enders, Frederick C Robbins. Alpha Omega Alpha.; National Medical Audiovisual Center. Atlanta, GA: The Center [Washington : For sale by National Audiovisual Center, 1974] OCLC: 4822307. Located at University of Oklahoma, Health Science Center Library, Oklahoma City, OK 73190 United States; UCLA Library, Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States; Wright State University Fordham Health Science Library, Dayton, OH 45435, United States.

Mission, measles the story of a vaccine. (motion picture: archival material). John F Enders, Joseph Stokes. Potomac Films; Merck Sharp & Dohme.; United States. Public Health Service. Merck Sharp & Dohme, ©1964. OCLC: 31646521 Located at National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20894, United States.

Reprints on Tissue-Culture Techniques in the sSudy of the Poliomyelitis Viruses. John F Enders. Vicking Press. 1952-1955 OCLC: 41602253 Located at Yale University Library, New Haven, CT 06520 United States; Yale University Medical Library, New Haven, CT 06520 United States.

Papers. John F Enders, Bern Dibner. Archival Material Publisher: 1966. OCLC: 10135410 Located at Smithsonian Institution.

Recent observations on the behavior in tissue culture of certain viruses pathogenic for man. John F Enders, Alan Gregg. Publisher: [Washington, D.C. : U.S. G.P.O.], 1956. OCLC: 30979635 Located at National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20894 United States; Harvard University, Medical School, Countway Library, Boston, MA 02115 United States.

Photograph of John Franklin Enders. John F Enders. Visual Material: Picture Publisher: [S.l. : s.n.], 1977. OCLC: 14908199 Located at Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409 United States.

Séminaire sur l'épidémiologie et la prévention de la rougeole et de la rubéole. Seminar on the Epidemiology and Prevention of Measles and Rubella. John F Enders. International Children's Centre. Wien: New York: Springer-Verlag, 1965. OCLC: 34249639 No libraries listed.

Papers, 1960s-1970s. Thomas Huckle Weller. Archival Material OCLC: 79025819 No libraries listed.

Immunity; principles and application in medicine and public health. An exposition of the biological phenomena of infection and recovery of the animal body from infectious disease, with consideration of the application of the principles of immunity in diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis and their usefulness on the control of epidemics. Hans Zinsser, John F Enders, LeRoy Dryden Fothergill. New York, The Macmillan Company, 1939. OCLC: 2138851 Located at 176 libraries.

[Letter] 1978 May 17, Boston [to Leo] Whitehill. John F Enders, Leo Allen Whitehill, Dolores M Maxwell. Thesis/dissertation/manuscript Archival Material OCLC: 8456579 Located at Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States.

Leaders in American medicine, John F. Enders, Ph. D., and Frederick C. Robbins, M.D. (video recording) Alpha Omega Alpha. Atlanta, GA: The Center. Washington : Distributed by National Audiovisual Center, 1974. OCLC: 5607947 Located at the University of Miami, School of Medical, Miami, FL 33136 United States.

Virus and Rickettsial Diseases, with Especial Consideration of their Public Health Significance. Harvard School of Public Health. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1940. OCLC: 1608981 Located at 131 libraries.

John F. Enders, Ph.D. and Frederick C. Robbins, M.D. University Professor Emeritus, Harvard University, and Chief, Virology Research Division, Boston Children's Hospital Medical Center. (video recording; VHS tape) John Z Bowers. Alpha Omega Alpha.; National Medical Audiovisual Center. Atlanta, GA: The Center, 1975.OCLC: 31651312 Located at two libraries: University of Mississippi, Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216 United States; National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20894 United States.

Cultivation of poliomyelitis virus in cultures of human foreskin and embryonic tissues. Thomas Huckle Weller, John F Enders, Frederick C Robbins. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. New York, NY. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, ©1949. OCLC: 8374519 Located at Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409 United States.

Poliomyelitis. Robert Debré Geneva, World Health Organization, 1955. OCLC: 14679603 Web Resources: whqlibdoc.who.int Located at 19 libraries.

La poliomyélite. French. Genève, Organisation mondiale de la santé; Paris, Masson, 1955. OCLC: 31505976 Located at the Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7 Canada; Bu Rennes I, Rennes Cedex 35043 France; Bu de la Mediterranee, Marseille Cedex 05, 13385 France; Univ D’Aix-Marseille li; Marseille Cedex 05, 13385 France; Univ Henri Poincare, Nancy 1, Nancy, 54000 France.

Harvard Nobel Prize laureates, 1914-1980: photographic display. (projected image: archival material) Harvard University. Information Center. OCLC: 62570844 Located at Harvard University, Archives, Cambridge, MA 02138 United States; Harvard University, Harvard College Library, Cambridge, MA 02139 United States.

Harvard University faculty portraits. (projected image: archival material) Fabian Bachrach. OCLC: 57327479 Located at Harvard University, Archives, Cambridge, MA 02138 United States; Harvard University, Harvard College Library, Cambridge, MA 02139 United States.

Clinique virologique. Robert Debré, Celers, Josette. French. Paris: Editions médicales Flammarion, ©1970. OCLC: 54128942 Located at University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5 Canada; Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7 Canada; Université Laval Bibliothèque, Quebec, QC G1K 7P4 Canada.

Thomas Huckle Weller--Biography. Computer File. OCLC: 48804456 Subjects: Weller, Thomas Huckle (American physician) | Nobel Foundation. | Poliomyelitis. Web Resources: nobel.se No libraries listed.

Institute on infectious diarrhea of the newborn. 1949. Massachusetts. Division of Maternal and Child Health. Boston. 1949. OCLC: 77644938 No libraries listed.

Telenews. [Vol. 7, issue 247--excerpt. Sweden--five Americans receive Nobel Prizes, Stockholm. (film) Publisher: [1954-12-13] OCLC: 155379606 No libraries listed.

Séminaire sur l'épidémiologie et la prévention de la rougeole et de la rubéole. French. 1965 OCLC: 163707935 Located at Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Muenchen, 80328 Germany.

John F. Enders (1897-1985). FS Rosen. Nature, 1985 Oct 17-23; 317(6038): 575. Database: From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. ISSN: 0028-0836 | OCLC: 113816553 Located at more than 2,000 libraries.

John F. Enders Lecture 2006: Antivirals for Influenza. Adrian K Ong, Frederick G Hayden The journal of infectious diseases : official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 196, no. 2, (2007): 181 Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press Database: ArticleFirst Other Databases: MEDLINE ISSN: 0022-1899 | OCLC: 156961673 Located at more than 880 libraries.

John F. Enders, FC Robbins. The Journal of pediatrics, 1994 Jan; 124(1): 155-7 Database: From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. ISSN: 0022-3476 | OCLC: 117421939 Located at more than 1,020 libraries.

The Nobel Chronicles. 1954: John Franklin Enders (1897-1985); Thomas Huckle Weller (b 1915); and Frederick Chapman Robbins (b 1916). TN Raju. Article Publication: Lancet, 1999 May 15; 353(9165): 1716 Database: From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. Other Databases: ArticleFirst ISSN: 0140-6736 | OCLC: 120144872 Located in 1,032 libraries.

Enders, John Franklin. American national biography. v. 7 (1999) OCLC: 52883326 Located at Kansas State Library, Topeka, KS 66612 United States.

The pioneers of pediatric medicine. John F. Enders (1897-1985). HR Wiedemann. European journal of pediatrics, 1995 May; 154(5): 339. Database: From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. ISSN: 0340-6199|OCLC: 119414331 Located at 441 libraries.

Classics in infectious diseases. The cultivation of the poliomyelitis viruses in tissue culture by John F. Enders, Frederick C. Robbins, and Thomas H. Weller. JF Enders, FC Robbins, TH Weller. Reviews of infectious diseases, 1980 May-Jun; 2(3): 493-504 Database: From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. ISSN: 0162-0886 | OCLC: 114598930 Located in 393 libraries.

John Franklin Enders, 10 February 1897 - 8 September 1985. D A J Tyrrell. French . Biographical memoirs of fellows of the royal society, V. 33 (1987). OCLC: 37438955 Located at Wellcome Library, London NW1 2BE, United Kingdom.

Rok 1954 nagroda dla Johna F. Endersa, Fredericka Ch. Robbinsa i Thomasa H. Wellera za odkrycie mozliwo̐ưsci wzrostu wirusa poliomeylitis na r̐ưoznych hodowlach tkankowych. K Sulek. Polish. Wiadomo̐ưsci lekarskie . Warsaw, Poland: 1960-1968 Dec 15; 21(24): 2301-3. Database: From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. ISSN: 0043-5147 | OCLC: 104618609. Located in 14 libraries (USA, UK, Canada, Poland).

Polio-Schluckimpfung. G Enders-Ruckle. German. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) 1970 Apr 3; 95(14): 789-90. Database: From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. ISSN: 0012-0472 | OCLC: 102609961. Located at 53 libraries (many USA).

Der Einfluss Der Praevakzinalen Immunitaet Auf Die Virusausscheidung Und Antikoerperproduktion Nach Polio-Schluckimpfung Mit Typ I (Sabin). R Siegert, G Enders-Ruckle, J Oehme; Hd Waller, German. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) 1963 Aug 16; 88: 1586-94. Database: From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. ISSN: 0012-0472 | OCLC: 102999167. Located at 53 libraries.

R̐ưeszletek a polio reg̐ưeny̐ưeb̐ưol. Enders 70. sz̐ưulet̐ưesnapja alkalm̐ưabol. J Ken̐ưez Hungarian. Orvosi hetilap, 1967 Apr 9; 108(15): 700-3. Database: From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. ISSN: 0030-6002 | OCLC: 103075346. Located at 16 libraries (many USA).

Cultivation of the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus in cultures of various human embryonic tissues. John F Enders; Thomas H Weller; Frederick C Robbins. Selected papers on virology. OCLC: 14444674. Located at Wellcome Library, London, NW1 2BE United Kingdom.

Francis Home and his experimental approach to medicine. John F Enders. Bulletin of the history of medicine, Vol. 38 (1964) OCLC: 32869945 Located at Yale University Library, New Haven, CT 06420 United States; Yale University Medical Library, New Haven, CT 06520 United States; Wellcome Library, London, NW1 2BE United Kingdom

Conquering Polio: John Enders and the Nobel Prize. F S Rosen. The New England journal of medicine. 351, no. 15, (2004): 1481 Publisher: Boston, Massachusetts Medical Society. Database: ArticleFirst ISSN: 0028-4793 | OCLC: 9790048. Located at more than 2,600 libraries.

Studies On The Viruses Of Measles And Hepatitis. Fields And Groups :  060500 - Medicine And Medical Research 061300 – Microbiology Corporate Author: Children's Hospital Medical Center Boston Mass Personal Author(s): Enders, John F. 1967. 11 Pages.Organization Type: W - Not-For-Profit/Non-Academic Contract Number(s): DA-49-193-MD-2438 (DA49193MD2438.) Descriptive Note: Final rept. 1 Jun 63-31 Aug 66, Project Number(s): DA-3A014501B71Q-01-017. Abstract: The support afforded by this and the preceding contract represented a material factor in the development of a safe and effective measles vaccine which is now in general use in this country and elsewhere in the world. While it is regrettable that no progress was made toward the isolation and characterization of the hepatitis viruses, the time, effort and expense expended to this end is justified in our opinion by the importance of the problem in relation to military as well as civilian preventive medicine. Although the investigations on rubella virus have not yet led to any applications of practical value, certain observations have been made which have provided the basis for experimental work now in progress and which may ultimately yield results of value in the control of this disease. (Author)

From New England Journal of Medicine ($10 per PDF file)

Polio. Maynard FM. Edited by Thomas M. Daniel and Frederick C. Robbins. 202 pp. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 1997. ISBN 1-878822-90-X. N Engl J Med 337:1854, December 18, 1997 Book Review.

The Elimination of Indigenous Measles, Mumps, and Rubella from Finland by a 12-Year, Two-Dose Vaccination Program. Peltola H, Heinonen OP, Valle M, Paunio M, Virtanen M, Karanko V, Cantell K ... vaccine (M-M-R II or Virivac, Merck, Sharp & Dohme, Rahway, N.J.) consisting of the Moraten (Enders-Edmonston B) strain of measles virus, the Jeryl Lynn B strain of mumps virus, and the Wistar RA . N Engl J Med 331:1397, November 24, 1994 Original Article.

Krugman's Infectious Diseases of Children. Arvin A. 10th edition. Edited by Samuel L. Katz, Anne A. Gershon, and Peter J. Hotez. 785 pp., St. Louis, Mosby, 1998. ISBN 0-8151-5251-5. N Engl J Med 338:1551, May 21, 1998 Book Review.

Looking Back on the Millennium in Medicine. Home in the 18th century, became routine after the development of an effective vaccine by John Enders almost 200 years later. Enders, along with Thomas Weller and Frederick Robbins, also had a pivotal ... N Engl J Med 342:42, January 6, 2000 Editorial.

Isolation of Poliovirus - John Enders and the Nobel Prize. Rosen FS. N Engl J Med 351:1481, October 7, 2004 Perspective.

Advances in Virology - Weller and Robbins. Lepow ML. N Engl J Med 351:1483, October 7, 2004 Perspective.

From Culture to Vaccine - Salk and Sabin. Katz SL. The Nobel Prize-winning demonstration by John Enders, Frederick Robbins, and Thomas Weller that polioviruses could be propagated successfully in non-neural cell cultures paved the way for two brilliant ... N Engl J Med 351:1485, October 7, 2004 Perspective.

April 12, 1955 — Tommy Francis and the Salk Vaccine. Markel H. N Engl J Med 352:1408, April 7, 2005 Perspective.

Men, Microbes and Medical Microbiologists: A Concise Pictorial History of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Kyle RA. By Han T. Siem. 327 pp., illustrated. Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Erasmus Publishing, 2004. $127.50. ISBN 90-5235-169-4. N Engl J Med 352:101, January 6, 2005 Book Review.

Key word suggestions for additional publication searches: polio, poliomyelitis, virus, vaccine, virology, microbiology, measles, mumps, rubella, Nobel prize.